Some of the phytoanticipins like glucosinolates and cyanogenic glycosides exist as inactive precursor stores in healthy tissues and are only activated as a result of tissue damage ( Tiku, 2020). Phytoanticipins act as pre-formed constitutive chemical barriers against microbial attack. Cuticular wax is composed of cutin and wax which is deposited on the leaf surface hence water cannot be retained on it and this will complicate the germination of spores in the absence of water. In some plants, adult plant resistance is linked to the decreased ability of fungal pathogens to penetrate through the thicker and tougher cell walls ( Guest and Brown, 1997). Cuticle is an important barrier to pathogen penetration in which cell wall and cuticle thickness influence resistance against pathogens. The ability of plants to effectively respond to pathogen infection preliminarily depends on pre-formed mechanisms of defense, which include pre-formed barriers such as cuticle and phytoanticipins. A strong host response to fungal infection is facilitated by the activation of local and systemic responses due to innate immunity, over a prolonged period of time ( Schwessinger and Ronald, 2012). The disease causes high yield losses of up to 30% ( Hückelhoven, 2005).Īll pathogenic fungi, despite their different infection and nutrient acquisition mechanisms, can be recognized by the defense system of the plant resulting in activation of the host defense system. It is typical of many powdery mildews where the fungi form a powdery coating of white spores on the leaf surface and some common examples include powdery mildew of cereals and grasses ( Erysiphe graminis) and gooseberry ( Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) ( Moore, 2020). These fascinating parasites attack a wide range of plants and cause severe damage ( Lorrain et al., 2019). Rust fungi represent one of the most important fungal orders, consisting of more than 8,000 known species ( Aime et al., 2014 Lorrain et al., 2019). Obligate parasitic plant fungi are a large group among which rust and powdery mildew are the two largest groups. Biotrophic plant fungal pathogens are among the ten pathogens considered most important internationally to plant pathology ( Dean et al., 2012). However, the pathogenesis of obligate parasitic pathogenic microorganisms is difficult because they cannot reproduce and complete their life cycle on artificial media. Gratifying progress has been made so far in the pathogenesis of necrotrophic or hemi-biotrophic microbes, and the pre-infection pathways and pathogenesis of necrotrophic microbes have been identified. Different microorganisms use different strategies to infect and damage plants. Plants are threatened by a variety of microorganisms during their growth, including biotrophs, necrotrophs, or hemi-biotrophs ( Glazebrook, 2005). Our review provides a comprehensive overview of the efforts that have been made to decipher the effector proteins of biotrophic fungal pathogens and demonstrates how rapidly research in the field of obligate biotrophy has progressed. Deciphering fungal pathogenesis not only allows us to better understand how fungal pathogens infect host plants but also provides valuable information for plant diseases control, including new strategies to prevent, delay, or inhibit fungal development. Efficient tools to decipher the precise molecular mechanisms of rust–plant interactions, and standardized routines in genomics and functional pipelines have been established and will pave the way for comparative studies. By integrating genomics, transcriptomics, and effectoromics, insights into how the adaptation of biotrophic plant fungal pathogens adapt to their host populations can be gained. The successful lifestyle of biotrophic fungal pathogens depends on their ability to secrete effector proteins to manipulate or evade plant defense response. However, the pathogenesis of obligate parasitic pathogenic microorganisms is still under investigation because they cannot reproduce and complete their life cycle on an artificial medium. College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Chinaīiotrophic plant pathogenic fungi are widely distributed and are among the most damaging pathogenic organisms of agriculturally important crops responsible for significant losses in quality and yield.Johannes Mapuranga Na Zhang Lirong Zhang Jiaying Chang Wenxiang Yang *
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |